Due to the behavioural nature of the studies and the type of interventions under investigation, it would have been virtually impossible for the researchers to eradicate all potential investigator bias in gathering their data.
When we consider such a sensitive issue as medical error, this information may be even less reliable [ 45] Reporting medical deficiencies and errors possibly face some organizational and cultural barriers (inevitability of error, habit, collegial bond), that could lead to bias in gathering information [ 45- 49].
Wrong localisation framed the cognitive process and biased further information gathering, directly impacting on diagnostic closure thresholds.
Data gathered directly from the participant's parents allowed us to make inferences about their childhood circumstances in a manner potentially far less biased by retrospective data gathering.
Through the use of biofilm islands, this group demonstrated that bacteria display a spatial bias to colonization, gathering insight on how E. coli outcompetes commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.
The authors said they recognised the limitations of such a study, especially in the context of civil wars, where attribution remains unclear at times; reporting can be patchy, biased and delayed; data-gathering can be dangerous; and some incidents may go unreported.
To minimize possible bias the research assistant gathering the outcome data will be independent of the nurse educator who will introduce the mobility intervention to the intervention group.
A further reduction of bias is achieved by gathering not only child self-report data, but also the caregivers' view on children's development.
This potential bias was minimised by gathering multiple cycles for each measurement system, in line with recommendations regarding a suitable number for adequate reliability for each system [ 16, 21].
Potential selection bias will be evaluated by gathering limited data (reason not enrolled, age range, race, disease-free interval, and performance status) on patients who meet all inclusion criteria but who are not enrolled.
