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Without establishing measurement equivalence, assessments of HRQoL ratings across groups of participants may not be comparable, leading to invalid or biased finding.
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Two reviews have considered whether biased subjective response by building occupants in dampness studies might have positively biased findings.
We argued that failure to address the potential for interactive effects in the existing literature may have biased findings to date.
This may have biased findings as lower response rates are generally associated with lower scores.
29 There was no evidence that missing follow-up data biased findings.
Particularly when scoring subjective outcomes, for instance pain scores, biased findings can result from inadequate blinding [ 157, 174].
A combined method is more likely to yield highly productive research output with a lower risk of biased findings [ 61].
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that are inappropriately designed or executed may provide biased findings and mislead clinical practice.
Errors in self-report may have biased findings, although repeated interviews provided opportunities to correct and contextualize reports.
If, however, there are systematic biases in such studies that tended to go in the same direction, pooling the studies will simply combine the biased findings.
However, meta-analysis is limited by inclusion of poor quality trials that are prone to report biased findings and exclusion of unpublished trials that do not report findings.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com