In the present paper we also considered the most recent methodological developments with respect to the inclusion of productivity costs in economic evaluation to avoid a biased cost-effectiveness ratio [34], [35].
11 Indeed, the adoption of generic rather than disease-specific measures in this context may lead to the underestimation of treatment benefits, biased cost-effectiveness results and ill-informed policy decisions.
Indeed, our findings can be added to those of existing studies which explore how the adoption of generic rather than disease-specific measures in this context may lead to the underestimation of treatment benefits, biased cost-effectiveness results and ill-informed policy decisions.
Sex biased costs could cause imprinting in ways parallel to those noted in the "helping" section.
Using 2012 price unit instead of the current up to date price might have biased the cost-saving impact of the BCBV indicator as the current prices, especially those of ARBs, might have been lowered following the increasing availability of ARBs as generics as well as potentially lowering prices of existing generic ARBs.
Therefore this approach is known to downward-bias cost estimates [ 27].
The main weaknesses of sequencing strategies are library bias, cost, availability, and difficulties in data management and analysis, although the cost of massive sequencing technologies is rapidly decreasing.
Moreover, claims data provide comparatively reliable figures because, contrary to survey-based estimates, recall bias, cost unit definition and extrapolation rules are dispensable.
Additionally, exclusion of patients who are dually eligible for Medicaid and Medicare may bias cost estimates downward as Medicaid patients with Medicare are likely to be sicker than other patients [ 23].
Signing the bill, Maryland's Governor O'Malley said the death penalty does not deter crime, cannot be administered without racial bias, costs three times as much as life without parole, and a mistake cannot be reversed if an innocent person is put to death.
