Sensitivity analyses using imputation techniques will investigate whether the effect estimates are biased as a consequence of non-ignorable missing data.
However, the figures presented below are most probably biased, as a consequence of the survey methodology.
The results of any comparison methods (including direct comparison trials) may be biased as a consequence of bias in primary trials involved.
Estimates of prevalence of persons infected with the vCJD agent in the UK population may have been biased as a consequence of specimen selection from mostly younger participants.
Therefore, the association between concurrent exposures and pain may be biased, however, the consequence for the association between the exposure and prospective follow-up in pain remains unclear.
However, as any ecological study, some of the results may be biased as a consequence of the artificial grouping of observations and variables at the municipality level.
The L1Hs subfamily and its closely related primate-specific L1PA subfamilies are composed of genomic instances that are 3′ biased as a consequence of a 5′ truncation that frequently occurs during retrotransposition [ 29].
Authors should state whether studies will be excluded because they do not include (or report) specific outcomes to help readers ascertain whether the systematic review may be biased as a consequence of selective reporting.
The Texas Longhorn breed had the highest contribution to D (0.073) and to proportional contribution estimates (PCweighted, 9.060), but these estimates can be biased as a consequence of the rather large sample size of this population (N = 80), which is taken into account in all calculations.
Ignoring zero-inflation leads to two possible consequences: 1) biased estimation of model parameters and standard errors, and 2) overdispersion.
The consequence of disaggregation is that an artificial homogeneity is introduced, so that standard errors are biased downwards, with the consequence of an inflated Type I error.
