As the data depicted in Figure 9 shows, using these biased character substitution processes does lead to instruction frequencies that are more divergent from uniform.
Citing examples in Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Lithuania and Spain, the Foreign Ministry said, "Experience shows that the judicial proceedings against those who were in fact kidnapped and taken to the U.S. are of a biased character, based on shaky evidence, and clearly tilted toward conviction".
Domain-specific time tuning is supported by the finding that the human Biological-Motion character biased interception timing in the opposite direction relative to the inanimate characters Double-Pendulum, Rigid-Translation and Whirligig.
For the most part, this is helpful; Falls's script is tighter and clearer than O'Neill's, more openly erotic, and less biased against the character of Abbie (Carla Gugino), the new bride whom Ephraim brings home, and whom Eben takes to and against from the first.
The director, Robert Falls, has cut the play from three acts to one, and made the script more openly erotic and less biased against the character of Abbie (Carla Gugino), the new bride whom Ephraim brings home, and whom Eben takes to and against from the first.
As previously discussed in this paper, the estimation of the causal effects of this relationship might be biased by the endogenous character of the predictor (i.e., years of schooling).
However, parsimony inference can be biased under non-random character state usage (i.e., base composition bias) and long branch lengths [19].
As Figure 11 shows, MP's performance on the location simulation data is very similar to its performance on the Avida data, even when the Avida data is generated using the biased F and L character substitution processes.
Using BiSSE to estimate rates of speciation, extinction and character change may be illuminating not only to understand the degree of any asymmetries, but also to distinguish which potential factor (biased speciation, extinction, or character change) is responsible for an observed excess of species with a particular state.
These scenarios were done for two tip bias scenarios, one with a small bias (3:1 character state ratio) and one with a greater degree of bias (7:1 character state ratio) as seen in Additional file 1: Table S4.
That way biases towards certain character states would be excluded.
