The antigen panel chosen by Cooley et al. [15] was biased by design towards abundant proteins, and the final list included mitochondrial HSP70, a ribosomal protein, a paraflagellar rod protein and two other flagellar proteins, as well as glycosomal phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase.
In addition, several studies may have been biased by design deficiencies, no radiological confirmation for OA diagnosis, bad patient positioning at X-ray assessment and/or the presence of osteophytes [ 8, 9].
Strand selection can be biased by designing asymmetric siRNAs with less stable thermodynamic stability at the 5′ end of the guide strand [ 59, 60], by chemical modifications at one or both ends of the siRNA [ 61, 62], or by the design of structurally asymmetric shRNAs or siRNAs that have a single 2-nucleotide 3′-overhang on the guide strand [ 63– 63].
This analysis was limited and biased by the design of the study.
Since RNA sequencing is not biased by probe design, we were able to quantify miR‐181 levels using the normalized read counts for miR‐181a, miR‐181b, miR‐181c, and miR‐181d‐5p detected in high‐ and low‐risk groups for statistical analysis.
Therefore, a direct comparison between M. haemolytica positive and M. haemolytica negative NTSEC isolates was warranted to verify if results might be biased by the design consideration to only recover NTSEC from individuals culture positive for M. haemoltyica.
More recently, we and others have evaluated the impact of design in medical and surgical research, and concluded that the mean gain comparing new therapies to established therapies was biased by study design in nonrandomized trials (Colditz et al., 1989; Miller et al., 1989).
This conclusion is sound based on the data presented, but it is also biased by the experimental design.
Double blinding is impossible but we felt it is unlikely that the primary outcome we evaluated would be biased by the open design.
In addition, the questions relating to vaccination coverage were not open ended, directors were provided with options to choose from, therefore the categories of response could have been biased by the survey design.
Further, we sampled approximately twice as many individuals in E405 as in the area directly west of the I-405, so we do not believe our migrant detection for the areas straddling the I-405 to be downwardly biased by our sampling design.
