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However, the figures presented below are most probably biased, as a consequence of the survey methodology.
The results of any comparison methods (including direct comparison trials) may be biased as a consequence of bias in primary trials involved.
However, as any ecological study, some of the results may be biased as a consequence of the artificial grouping of observations and variables at the municipality level.
Sensitivity analyses using imputation techniques will investigate whether the effect estimates are biased as a consequence of non-ignorable missing data.
Estimates of prevalence of persons infected with the vCJD agent in the UK population may have been biased as a consequence of specimen selection from mostly younger participants.
The L1Hs subfamily and its closely related primate-specific L1PA subfamilies are composed of genomic instances that are 3′ biased as a consequence of a 5′ truncation that frequently occurs during retrotransposition [ 29].
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However, several studies clearly show that this information is frequently biased, mainly as a consequence of aggregated survey patterns in which taxonomists repeatedly select localities with specific characteristics.
With fewer markers, the estimated Northwest African influences in Canary Islanders resulted severely biased upwards as a consequence of the reduction of information.
It is important to remark that ORs from the GWAS are very likely heavily biased upwards as a consequence of the winner's curse affecting any GWAS and especially those of small size [ 17, 18].
"Once you have prepared your library, you also have to make sure that when you analyze it you're not introducing a lot of biases as a consequence of these postmortem information content changes," Mikheyev adds.
Instead, such HIV reporting may suffer from a sample bias as a consequence of fewer young attendees at STD/AIDS service sites.
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