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We report results using chance-independent agreement (phi), which generates less biased agreement measures than chance-corrected agreement (kappa).
While the Physical Health Summary Scores demonstrated fairly uniform dispersion, the Total and Psychosocial Scores tended to indicate biased agreement at the extremes of the distribution.
> To circumvent the problem of biased agreement due to the inclusion of "indeterminate" results, we scored all "indeterminate", "grey zone" and "borderline" results as negative.
This can lead to a biased agreement between both and thus an overoptimistic estimate of the value of the Wells rule and D-dimer testing in assessing deep vein thrombosis.
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The mean value, bias, agreement and discrepancy are presented in Table 1.
The relationship between people with dementia self-ratings and carers informant ratings will be assessed to establish both the correlation and the bias (agreement) between the measures [ 98].
Furthermore after adjustment for recall bias, agreement between patient perceived change and conventional change was much stronger within individuals, with only 7.9% reporting a discrepancy large enough to be considered clinically meaningful (Table 3).
For example, for item 2 – "Are critical inclusion/exclusion criteria clearly stated (does not require the reader to infer)?" – for which the three possible responses denote low, unclear, or high risk of bias, agreement was based on a three-by-three table.
Overall, this confirms what many of us had suspected: that the Facebook algorithm is biased towards producing agreement, not dissent.
Attitudes of researchers to relinquishing power and control (71% agreement); Scientific language used in research (70% agreement); Lack of support for PI from research funders (70% agreement); The perception that members of the public have biased views (63% agreement).
Although participation rates in our follow-up survey were high, it is possible that loss to follow-up biased our estimates of agreement in some way.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com