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Publication bias was evaluated based on the RCT with the Egger's test and visually with a funnel plot.[13] For randomized trials, only data from peer-reviewed publications were used to be able to assess study quality, proper randomization etc. Published and unpublished data have been used for observational data, these data are used as a secondary confirmatory analysis.
Selective reporting bias was evaluated based on whether outcomes related to risk factors were clearly reported.
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A population pharmacokinetic substudy design of a new chemical entity was evaluated based on the bias in parameter estimates and the power of detecting a specific subpopulation showing different clearance using a clinical trial simulation approach.
The accuracy of the each model was evaluated based on the correlation coefficient, mean absolute error, mean bias error and root mean square error values.
Nevertheless, bias such as under-registration is evaluated based on point estimates, not statistical significance.
The empirical bias and mean square error (MSE) were evaluated based on 200 replications for each case.
In addition to the direct effects, four indirect effects were evaluated based on bias-corrected bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (MacKinnon et al., 2004).
Publication bias and other small study effects will be evaluated based on regression analysis (Egger's or Harbord's test).
So as you redesign or rethink how you measure and reward people, take the time to build in tools and training to remove bias, measure diversity openly, and make sure everyone is evaluated based on performance and results, not position or tenure.
Compared to these studies, the here presented trends have been evaluated based on RCM data, indicating higher resolution than GCMs, which was further bias-corrected, thus representing a higher local representativeness.
These estimators were evaluated based on the distribution of their deviation from the true error, and in terms of bias, variance, and root mean square (RMS) errors.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com