Simply playing auditory cues while people slept partially undid racial and gender bias, the study found, and the effects were still evident at least a week later.
Beyond the obvious issue of bias, the study is "highly problematic," said James Parrott, chief economist of the Fiscal Policy Institute, a nonpartisan group devoted to New York State issues.
To avoid bias, the study was conducted in the community, and randomly selected the participating women.
If one of the domains was assessed to be of high risk of bias, the study was given an overall score of high risk.
If two domains were scored as high or unable to determine risk of bias, the study received a moderate risk of bias.
Obtaining permission to visit all the subplots would therefore be more difficult and increase the chances of denied access and potentially bias the study.
Finally, when more than two domains were scored as high risk of bias, the study was regarded to possess a high risk of bias.
With regard to possible bias, the study was adequately powered and controls were favorably matched, but their self-reported absence of hip problems was not confirmed by any physical or radiological examinations to rule out asymptomatic FAI.
Although all randomized controlled clinical trials share basic design characteristics, to assess the outcome of a particular trial one must carefully evaluate specific details of its design and analysis that might bias the study and influence its results.
The reason for this bias, the study suggests, is because of an unconscious desire not to believe sexual assault could happen to them.
Moreover, several formulations contained other excipients such as organic acids, which could bias the study and thus were not included.
