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This could bias the parameter estimates.
When estimated without bias, the parameter estimate equals the true parameter, and hence the RB will be 1.
It has been shown recently that estimating the effect of covariates on a latent class measure can bias the parameter estimates unless a one-stage model is performed, in which covariate effects are estimated at the same time as the latent class measurement 40.
The absence of this subset of prevalent cases that fail to survive until the sampling date results in a study group biased towards favorable survival; without the employment of proper methods to adjust for left truncation, this can seriously bias the parameter estimate (Keiding, 2005).
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This violation of the IM model may have biased the parameter estimates, though the 95% HPD can often include the true values [ 32].
It was expected that the more the contextual effect differed from the within-cluster effect, the more biased the parameter estimate would be.
By adding the grand mean guessing bias parameter (the parameter in row 3) to each of the interaction effects, we obtain the guessing bias estimates for each change probability condition, for each participant, a total of 3 × 23 = 69 parameters.
The higher the correlation between both variables the larger is the bias of the parameter estimates (Bade et al. 2011).
Thus, "if the unequal probability of selection is not incorporated in the analysis, a substantial bias in the parameter estimate may arise" (Asparouhov 2005, p. 249).
Accounting for PD is expected to reduce bias in the parameter estimates (intercepts and slope) of items affected by PD (Suh et al. 2012; Wollack et al. 2003).
While reducing their variance, it also increases the bias of the parameter estimates.
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