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However, it must be kept in mind that the addition of further sample preparation steps may improve the perceived quality of the results in one way by reducing complexity, but possibly bias the outcome by causing inadvertent, and perhaps irreproducible, loss of certain proteins.
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A potential concern is that the control condition (e.g., stretching and relaxation group) could have biased the outcomes by providing a therapeutic effect on QOL.
Moreover, PNGase A is a glycoprotein itself and therefore can be self-deglycosylated, which can bias the outcome of the N-glycan analysis by causing contamination from endogenous PNGase A glycan structures [ 12].
Moreover, if we do not randomly assign patients to either the experimental or control groups, then we again run the risk of researcher bias affecting the outcome, e.g., by selecting patients for the experimental group who have the best chance of improvement.
Therefore, differences in feeding propensities between large- and small-brained females are unlikely to have biased the outcome of the experiment as suggested by Healy & Rowe.
It is therefore unclear the extent to which the treatment assignment versus the small sample size have biased the outcomes of this trial by study arm.
We planned to assess publication bias per outcome by means of funnel plots where at least 10 studies have been included.
But there is study after study in psychology showing that people's opinions are biased by the outcome.
We will construct a funnel plot to investigate the potential for publication bias for the primary outcome, by means of visual inspection for signs of asymmetry, Begg's rank correlation and Egger's regression tests, 32 using the STATA metabias command.
To reduce bias, the principal outcome measures are questionnaires completed by participants at a time equivalent to three months after each clinic assessment.
We assessed publication bias for the mortality outcome by visual inspection of funnel plots.
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