The presence data of NEASTs were used for the analysis in this study to minimize the bias of data information (Beck et al. 2014; Yesson et al. 2007).
Claims database analyses have potential selection bias, miscoding of information and consequent biases in estimation.
We describe three types of selection biases (incidence-prevalence bias, loss-to-follow-up bias, and publication bias) and a series of information biases (i.e. misclassification bias recall bias, interviewer bias, observer bias, and regression dilution bias and lead-time bias).
In addition, like many other investigation of near miss, [ 21- 24] the Nigerian study used a retrospective approach, which may have the challenges of bias, lack of information on important confounding variables and incomplete information from poor documentation.
However, the data on the amount of alcohol, duration of intake, or interval between intake of alcohol and acetaminophen are subject to recall bias, withholding of information by the patient, or non-responsive state of the patient on presentation.
To prevent bias, loss of information and enhance comparison between models, we applied multiple imputation in SPSS v17.0 on the early life risk factors to this analysis [ 14, 15].
Deficits in selective attention are likely to arise from a reduction in the strength of top-down biasing of information-processing in the sensory cortex.
Symmetrical uncertainty ranking [28] was first applied as an univariate criterion to measure the worth of each probe set alone: this computes the mutual information with respect to the class phenotype and compensates for the bias of the information gain.
For comparison, two samples were sequenced using standard full genome library preparation without exome capture and we found no systematic bias of metagenomic information between exome-captured and non-captured data.
