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We may expect that the bias is substantial as respondents will differ from non-respondents.
Our evaluation shows that 10-year increment bias is substantial, almost 17% on average, and our tests failed to validate the model for every one of the 30 most common tree species in the region.
Hence we do not expect that publication bias is substantial.
In many cases, although the potential for bias is clear, it has not been established that this bias is substantial in real data.
In those database studies the selection bias is substantial because patients were selected to undergo only SLNB if they were more likely to have a favorable prognosis.
The magnitude of the bias is substantial at small distances, but is no longer observed at distances of 250 meters or more.
Similar(53)
While the relative bias was substantial for the smallest λ i, absolute changes tended to be small and penalization clustered estimates closer to the one-to-one line.
The estimates for revision for each year were highest for those patients who received Austin Moore cementless prostheses (Table 3), but after 5 years the KM method overestimated the risk of revision by more than 2% for both types of prosthesis, and the relative biases were substantial.
As number of experts increases, the impact of highly biased priors is substantial with smaller samples.
The weighting does not overcome any potential bias if there is substantial variation in relative survival by age.
Blinding of investigators can protect against performance bias, and there is substantial evidence that lack of blinding in a variety of types of animal studies is associated with exaggerated effect sizes (Bebarta et al. 2003; Sena et al. 2007; Vesterinen et al. 2010).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com