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The test group used by Stewart and Kneale to detect bias included less than 4% of the total cohort but had nearly 30% of high doses (> 1000 mSv).
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As discussed in the GRADE quality of evidence assessment, many studies published have included less than optimal study designs and this may have biased the findings presented here.
Three quarters included less than 500 patients.
Four studies included less than 50 participants.
Meta-analyses including less than 10 studies were not considered because publication bias tests were not recommended for use in this case due to a low power.
Factors associated with less bias included a concurrent comparison group, a high investigator rating of study importance and a sample size greater than 20 [ 28].
But because those characteristics are more subjective than test scores, they are more prone to teacher bias, including racial bias, the authors wrote.
aAll trials were with substantial risk of bias bOne trial accounted for the largest part among all the trials and probably contributed to the heterogeneity cOne trial included only less than 8%% of the screened patients.
All samples had an analytical bias of less than ± 10%.
RoM gave acceptable results, with bias usually less than 2 3%.
At five years the largest bias was less than 0.27 percentage points (model-based grouped age).
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