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The bias in value of diagnosis coefficient was least when manual calculation was compared with the gold standard, 0.013 955% CI −0.547 to 0.574) and maximal when comparing the manual with the automatic calculation tool; 0.115 (95% CI −0.778 to 1.008).
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We also show that ignoring this type of non-attendance leads to a substantial upward bias in monetary value estimates.
Using estimates of bias from medical clinical trials as a guide, we recalculate impact estimates to adjust for bias, resulting in values that are often less than half of those reported in the reviewed studies.
Meanwhile, generalized features such as AV and SV can better control the bias in prediction values, but have lower effective resolution.
During the study period, the bias in CO values between bolus thermodilution and whole-body impedance cardiography ranged from 0.07 to 1.05 L/min and the precision (standard deviation of differences) ranged from 0.82 to 1.31 L/min.
The first steps into this direction have been taken in our related study, where we have analyzed numerically the bias in PSNR values toward either channel or source distortion [26].
The experimental results demonstrate that this relationship can effectively compensate the bias in contrast values induced by the quantized signal intensity and correct for bias induced by signal intensity variations across the field of view.
The bias in DVR values due to increasing t* from 15 min to 85 min was calculated using estimates obtained with t*=35 min as reference and was slightly larger in control subjects than in AD patients.
Skin and fingerstick-sample contamination is one possible explanation for the possible upward bias in LeadCare values (GFAAS samples were collected by venipuncture to provide the necessary amount of blood).
Because the consolidated database of TF binding weight matrix models may have multiple models for the same TF, the bias in P-value calculation implanted by multiple hypothesis testing was removed by performing a Bonferroni correction on the raw P-value for each individual weight matrix of the same TF.
Kumar and Bjorn-Andersen (1990) state that information systems "have built-in value biases reflecting the value priorities of the culture in which they are developed" (p. 535).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com