[ 15] Although studies have established the validity and reliability of standardized alcohol abuse measures and diagnostic criteria in the general population, and provided support for single factor models, [ 16- 26] the role of minority/majority based measurement bias in the instruments used to assess alcohol abuse in the U.S. population goes relatively unexamined.
A distinct gender gap exists on conceptual surveys among students before instruction (Lorenzo et al., 2006; Pollock et al., 2007; Brewe et al., 2010), but some of this disparity may be due to gender bias in the instruments themselves (McCullough and Meltzer, 2001; Docktor and Heller, 2008; Willoughby and Metz, 2009; Dietz et al., 2012).
However, when the same instrument is used for post-occupancy evaluation, if the RCFs assessed have been constructed according to building regulations as would be anticipated, such items will always return a positive response, creating bias in the instrument's scoring range, and providing little descriptive information.
Possible explanations include inadequate vertical or horizontal sampling and/or unresolved biases in the instruments themselves.
Harrison and Rutström discuss the crucial issue of whether there is bias in CVM instruments arising from the fact that both the policy being evaluated and its damage prevention value are hypothetical with weak and distorted private incentives for respondents to accurately reveal their preferences.
Because of an inherent bias in existing instruments towards assessing occupational attainment, it is often a challenge to accurately evaluate quality of life in this population.
For example, the use of pooled data from numerous centres is associated with differences in method of dissection prior to weighing through to systematic bias in weighing instruments used.
Third, we note that the choice for improvement teams has some disadvantages; for example, it could entail certain biases in the instrument as well as in the evaluation research.
"There was a lack of transparency in these instruments.
The implication is that racial bias in these situations works differently than we had thought.
