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The error of recovery will be about 6 mGal after removing the regularization bias in the presence of 1 mE noise in Trr measured on the orbit.
For -estimates it can be shown that the influence function is proportional to [4, 25], meaning that we can derive the robustness properties of an -estimator, namely, efficiency and bias in the presence of outliers, if is known.
The asymptotic bias, which has a very similar interpretation as "attenuation bias" in the presence of measurement errors, is given by the following expression: p lim ρ ^ = ρ σ yf 2 / σ yf 2 + σ νf 2 < ρ, (1).
Overall, 88% of growth cones showed the extension bias in the presence of minocycline (n = 17, p = 0.02) (Figure 4d).
Another example of a distributional bias in the presence of conserved genes is Agrobacterium species in which conservation of gene content and order is more conserved on the larger of the two chromosomes [60].
One of the possible explanations is a DNA extraction bias in the presence of lipids.
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The amplification of a particular subtype was not biased in the presence of excess of other templates.
Several investigators have demonstrated that assessment of indirect effects is biased in the presence of a common cause of the intermediate variable and the outcome.
However, it is well known that this test may be biased in the presence of population stratification and/or genotyping error.
ThiStudya cofsequence of higher concentration of nitrogen implasmad immersionleadion to an implantationthe hardness and the achievement of better corrosion resistance.
Simulated data with neither stratification nor adjustment for smoking resulted in low biases and narrow confidence intervals (CI) in the absence of a genotype-smoking association and markedly higher biases in the presence of a genotype-smoking association.
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