A feature of TALEN-induced mutations that has been described in other cell types as well is that they are biased toward deletions, in preference to insertions (Chen et al. 2013; Kim et al. 2013).
Where trials used methods to adjust for attrition bias, these data were used in preference to data from completers.
The vaccine has been further designed for minimization of inflammatory reactivities through the use of a proprietary vaccine delivery system that biases Th2 type regulatory T cell responses in preference to Th1 pro-inflammatory T cell responses.
Such innate colour biases presumably guide bees to investigate violet or blue objects (flowers) in preference to leaves, rocks, etc.
In preference-to-preference procedures, the outcome is a preference relation over the set of alternatives.
If there is a bias in preference reporting/measurement associated with cognitive impairment, one solution would be to exclude individuals with cognitive impairment from testing.
Twelve females spent 78.3 ± 18.9%% (mean ± SD) of the time with Y whilst 13 females spent 78.7 ± 18.9%% (mean ± SD) of the time with S. When a strong initial bias in preference occurs, as shown in the green swordtail (Royle et al. 2008), the analyses of the whole data set could mask the effect of the decoy addition.
"There is almost no attention to the bias for people, specifically that whites are biased in preference for other whites and provide information, opportunity and influence on behalf of people that they think of as like them," said Nancy DiTomaso, professor at Rutgers Business School, author of The American Non-dilemma: Racial Inequality Without Racism and an expert in diversity in labor force.
Certainly, there does seem to be a bias in treatment preference since the choice to opt out in this way was higher for those allocated initially to the additional lifestyle support group.
Findings provide evidence that hypothetical bias is not universal, and suggest potential means to ameliorate hypothetical bias in stated preference research.
