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Experimental laboratory studies of cultural transmission have shown that people willingly employ indirect bias in preference to individual learning, and that neutral traits can consequently be copied along with functional traits when both are exhibited by successful models [39], [40].
If there is a bias in preference reporting/measurement associated with cognitive impairment, one solution would be to exclude individuals with cognitive impairment from testing.
Twelve females spent 78.3 ± 18.9%% (mean ± SD) of the time with Y whilst 13 females spent 78.7 ± 18.9%% (mean ± SD) of the time with S. When a strong initial bias in preference occurs, as shown in the green swordtail (Royle et al. 2008), the analyses of the whole data set could mask the effect of the decoy addition.
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"There is almost no attention to the bias for people, specifically that whites are biased in preference for other whites and provide information, opportunity and influence on behalf of people that they think of as like them," said Nancy DiTomaso, professor at Rutgers Business School, author of The American Non-dilemma: Racial Inequality Without Racism and an expert in diversity in labor force.
For this to be true, a strong bias in the preference in genome position for transposition insertion dependent on genetic background is required, and while such a preference is known to exist, it is not clear if it is strong enough to fully explain the results of the Rutherford and Lindquist experiments.
Findings provide evidence that hypothetical bias is not universal, and suggest potential means to ameliorate hypothetical bias in stated preference research.
Standardised criteria for methodological quality and risk of bias in stated preference studies have not been established.
Cops-1 shows a strong bias in codon preference necessitating specialised strains of E. coli for expression of recombinant protein.
The identification of a relatively high number of known symbiotic alleles either indicates the near-saturation of the symbiosis signaling pathway or a bias in the preference of the mutatable symbiotic loci in M. truncatula.
Certainly, there does seem to be a bias in treatment preference since the choice to opt out in this way was higher for those allocated initially to the additional lifestyle support group.
In reusing the four dummies, we reduced the risk of unsuspected heterogeneity among them (Wiley 2003), thus avoiding to introduce a potential bias in female preference induced by the colour pattern of a particular dummy.
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