Sentence examples for bias exposure from inspiring English sources
This review provides an overview of the key methodological issues involved in undertaking observational studies to investigate medication use during pregnancy, including selection bias, exposure and outcome classification, information bias, confounding and statistical analysis.
Complex nonlinear characteristics of a holographic material, i.e., square root of the diffraction efficiency as function of bias exposure, fringe visibility and spatial frequency of plane wave phase holograms recorded in silver halide emulsion have been determined for the first time.
For that reason, differences in the time frame for collection of cases and controls did not bias exposure opportunity.
The studies were judged regarding evidence of misclassification bias of RSV disease, selective reporting bias, confounding bias, exposure ascertainment bias, or participant selection bias.
Each study included in this meta-analysis is subject to the usual range of potential biases in epidemiologic studies, in particular, confounding and information bias (exposure error).
Overall, we identified few studies that had potential selective reporting bias, confounding bias, exposure ascertainment bias for ETS, or participant selection bias.
The response rate of 45% is not uncommon in a large population-based studies [ 15, 16] and studies have shown that underlying response rates do not bias exposure-outcome relationships [ 17, 18].
Results indicate that using type of stove alone as a proxy for exposure may lead to exposure misclassification and potentially biased exposure and health effects relationships.
Thus, orographic or extreme climatic factors are unlikely to have biased exposure assignment.
In such investigations, general population residential distribution might have substantially changed over time with reference to proximity to power lines, thus biasing exposure status of controls.
Quantifiable values below the LOD were used to optimize statistical power and avoid biased exposure estimates associated with censoring at the detection limit (Kim et al. 1995).
