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These strains have not been serially passaged at high multiplicity in either egg or MDCK cell cultures, so it is not likely that accumulations of defective viral particles would favorably bias determination of sensitivity with genome-based assays relative to infectious doses.
If upon further discussion the four authors were unable to reach agreement on a risk of bias determination for a particular domain, the more conservative judgment was selected (e.g., if one reviewer made a judgment of "low risk" and the other made a judgment of "probably low risk," the "probably low risk" judgment was used).
Bias determination capabilities are required to enable biases encoded into AI and ML engines to be uncovered and removed as soon as possible.
Bias determination and removal will require the following support in open source model for AI.
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independently made and documented risk of bias determinations for each study across all domains.
Summaries of the risk of bias determinations for human and nonhuman data are reported by Johnson et al. (2014) and Koustas et al. (2014), respectively.
Additionally, eyes with myopic discs tend to have a range of IOP values, a phenomenon that could bias determinations of the correlation between structure/function and optic disc microcirculation.
One important factor that could bias the determination of the Ki-67 index is the subjective determination of the Ki-67 immunostained area.
The specific risk of bias instrument is provided in Supplemental Material, "Instructions for Making Risk of Bias Determinations".
Any study that requires scheduled radiographic assessment shares this potential limitation of ascertainment bias for determination of 'symptomatic' skeletal events.
Alignment errors such as indel misplacement can bias the determination of STRs, especially with score-based alignment methods such as BlastZ (Lunter et al. 2008).
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