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There are two types of BIA methods: the foot-to-foot and the direct segmental multifrequency method.
Observation data showed that hypervolemic maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients identified using BIA methods have higher mortality risk.
BIA methods are used to noninvasively measure the ECW, ICW, and TBW and calculate the free fat mass and fat based on empirical equations [ 19].
The BF% values obtained from the other multiple-frequency BIA methods have also been cross-validated with the DXA scan in adults [ 4, 10– 13] and children [ 11, 14, 15].
The difference in BF% determined by foot-to-foot BIA and DSM-BIA was plotted against the average BF% obtained from the two BIA methods, represented in the Bland-Altman distribution.
BIA methods validity has been tested, taking BF% as the outcome variable; with a range of reference techniques including, total body water hydrodensitormetry, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and air displacement plethysmography [ 9, 18].
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In the conventional foot-to-foot BIA method, there are four electrodes situated at each foot plate while the direct segmental multifrequency BIA (DSM-BIA) method has eight electrodes on each foot plate and hand handle.
Body composition (fat and lean mass) was estimated by the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method with a Biodynamics 450 analyzer (Biodynamics 450® version 5.1, Biodynamics Corporation, Seattle, WA, USA).
Recently, a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method was developed that can measure body composition variables.
The BIA method has previously been validated in Swedish middle-aged and elderly adults [ 26].
Percent body fat (%BF) was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method.
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