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Visceral pleural invasion (VPI) has been defined as invasion of the tumor beyond the elastic layer (PL1), including invasion to the visceral pleural surface (PL2).
An internationally agreed definition was therefore developed, in which VPI is defined as 'invasion beyond the elastic layer including invasion to the visceral pleural surface' [38].
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The elastic layer's thickness was 10 30 km.
Fig. 3. Distribution of the elastic layer thickness.
Where the elastic layer is thin, the stress and strain rates are high at the deep parts near the boundary between the elastic and viscoelastic layers.
Rather than a continuous central elastic layer that is found under most of the retina, the elastic layer under the macula is discontinuous (8).
Furthermore, the thickness of the elastic layer increased over the time.
The elastic layers obey Euler Bernoulli beam theory.
The intimal elastic layer in atherogenic group was not clearly seen between intima and media layer, as the smooth muscle was infiltrated with macrophages and inflammatory cells.
Our mechanical model of the FA is therefore not an elastic layer, but a row of elastic elements arrayed in the lengthwise direction, each of which can only resist force along the ligand-integrin-plaque protein axis (Fig. 1).
Arctigenin treatment significantly alleviates disrupted endothelial cells and tortured internal elastic layer observed in the SAH groups (p < 0.01).
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