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Clearly violence is a significant public health concern: beyond the direct effect of violent injury on health, both victims and witnesses of violence may experience emotional trauma and long-term psychological effects of violence [4].
Beyond the direct effect of predation (i.e., death), the presence of wolves in close proximity to livestock may cause prey to change their behavior to avoid predation, called a risk [2], non-consumptive [3] or trait-mediated [4] effect of predators.
Maternal environmental effects occur when the phenotype or growth environment of the mother plant affects the offspring phenotype beyond the direct effect of transmitted genes [ 1, 2].
Beyond the direct effect of the intervention itself, such public health measures are likely to promote other changes such as behavioral adaptation and to increase awareness of the health risks associated with high temperatures.
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Now, since these operations of the soul affect in turn the actions that a person takes, the effects of body temperature extend beyond the direct effects on the activities of the soul, to the choices and actions the person takes, causing them to be virtuous or vicious.
In many situations executives need to go beyond the direct effects of an initiative and investigate its ancillary effects.
Beyond the direct effects of EPA, its metabolic products, resolvin E1 and 12-HEPE, prevent chemotaxis of antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages22, 23.
Notably, our present investigation suggests that CesA members may have additional functional roles in tree growth and development, beyond the direct effects of the cellulose synthase subunits in biosynthesis of the cell wall.
Although early studies on civilians tended to focus on the impact of war on the risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it has now become clear that the effects of conflict extend beyond the direct effects of violence to include a host of social and economic hardships that can be as equally important in determining the likelihood of developing a mental illness [ 5].
The impact of ADHD goes beyond the direct effects of core symptoms on the individual's everyday functions and represents a serious burden on the patient's and the family's life, seriously impairing the emotional, social, and physical well-being of patients and hence their health-related quality of life (HR-QoL)[ 6].
"The impacts would extend far beyond the direct effects on rivers to include forced relocation of human populations, and expanding deforestation associated with new roads.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com