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These beneficial effects are independent of serum parathyroid hormone, phosphorus, and calcium levels suggesting that vitamin D presents pleotropic actions, beyond mineral metabolism regulation [ 1, 4].
Our understanding of the biological effects of the vitamin D system has evolved considerably in recent years, with the identification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-D) as hormones with 'pleiotropic' effects beyond mineral metabolism and parathyroid hormone (PTH) control in CKD patients [ 2].
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The development of the geothermal resources in Larderello beyond the mineral recovery applications to electric power production was driven by the necessity that wartime often brings.
Namely, these effects beyond the mineral and bone metabolism could be a consequence of the ubiquitous distribution of VDRs in the cardiovascular system (cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells).
The epidemiological association between vitamin D deficiency and high mortality rates extends beyond the abnormal mineral homeostasis that impairs bone mineralization due to high serum levels of PTH.
This shortcoming is attributable mainly to the heating of mineral beyond 1000°C during the sintering process.
Vitamin D is now recognised as having pleiotropic roles beyond bone and mineral homeostasis, with the vitamin D receptor and metabolising machinery identified in multiple tissues.
With the availability of new techniques of bone densitometry, and in particular of dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), osteoporosis was defined as the loss of bone mineral beyond a certain threshold, even in the absence of fractures.
Meaningful Beauty skin care will be available in select Sephora outlets, Bed Bath & Beyond will carry Sheer Cover mineral makeup, and Proactiv is being tested by Costco.
But Hiddensee's riches go beyond the flora and mineral.
When heated at temperatures beyond dehydroxylation, the clay mineral structure may be destroyed or simply modified, depending on the composition and structure of the substance.
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