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The distance between two subspaces can be measured by canonical distance, which is the length of geodesic path connecting two points on the Grassmann manifold.
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See [ 48] for detailed explanations on this approach but the angle between two subspaces embedded in a common higher dimensional space can be defined as the angle through which one subspace must be rotated to match the other.
In MSM the principal angle between two subspaces is considered as the similarity measure.
Yamaguchi et al. [42] presented a method called mutual subspace method (MSM) that directly used the angles between two subspaces as the similarity score of two face image sets.
Among the many distance/similarity measures, the concept of principal angle [41] between two subspaces has been widely adopted due to its efficient, accurate, and robust characteristics.
If the angle between two subspaces (i.e. between-ontogenetic stages angle) does not significantly differ from zero, we may not reject the null hypothesis (H0) in which specimens of two ontogenetic stages occupy the same subspace.
If we are trying to estimate the amount of overlap between two subspaces, then V g1∩ g2) is the number of cells common to both g1 and g2.
The dynamics of the original system of Eq. (7) can be written as that of two disjoint subspaces except that the forces of support between the two subspaces Γ id must be computed.
where and. is the principal angle between the two subspaces and.
So ρ provides a measure of overlap between the two subspaces.
In our parallelization we use a relationship between two consecutive subspaces which allows us to calculate eigenvalues in the subspace through an arrowhead matrix.
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