The two trees illustrated in the figure were obtained by taking into account the distance, or number of amino acid differences, between three organisms with respect to a particular protein.
Ensuring family longevity means managing the apparent contradictions that characterize family businesses that are forced to maintain a symbiotic relationship between two organisms: 'family' and 'enterprise' , with different paths, instances, and purposes but dialectically related.
Interestingly, comparison of the 'Ca .L. solanacearum' and 'Ca .L. asiaticus' genomes revealed one major difference between the two organisms with respect to amino acid metabolism: 'Ca .L. solanacearum' encodes a full-length N-acetylglutamate kinase (NAGK), while 'Ca. L. asiaticus' does not [7].
If calibrated with independent information such as the fossil record, the molecular divergence between two organisms can be used to infer their time of divergence (Cox and Moore 2010).
We consider the projected network of organisms, in which we set a link between two organisms if at least one COG is present in the genome of both organisms.
Therefore, here, we have used synteny information between two organisms to pin-point pseudogene orthologs.
A higher EC ratio means that the alignment between two organisms preserves more interactions.
The evolutionary distance between at least two organisms with shared gene content can be estimated by solving the combinatorial problem of finding a possible sequence of rearrangement operations among their shared genes under the aspect of parsimony.
We first performed a detailed analysis of the relationship between robustness and evolvability focusing on the two organisms with the most extreme robustness values from the above experiments, hereafter denoted R (robust) and F (fragile) (Table 1).
