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The standardized mean difference, sometimes referred to as d (Cohen 1988), is a scale-free measure of the separation between two group means.
In mathematical terms d is the difference between two group means standardised via pooled standard deviation units.
Differences between two group means were analysed by independent t-test for continuous variables.
The difference between two group means was analyzed using the Students t-test and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for multiple variable comparisons.
Statistical differences for mean values between two groups and among multiple groups were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 5 software.
Non-parametric Mann–Whitney test for mean comparison between two independent groups and Wilcoxon test for mean comparison between two related groups were used.
Student t-test was used to compare the means between two treatment groups.
Comparison of means between two independent groups was performed with student t-tests.
Student's t tests were used to analyse the differences of means between two different groups.
Student's t-test was used to compare mean values between two experimental groups where appropriate.
ESSI-PI represents the size of misestimating the standardized mean difference between two comparison groups if a SIM is chosen.
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