Stovall readily admits that "the existence of statistical correlation between two sets of data does not imply any causal link between two pastimes as unrelated as football and the stock market".
Under assumption (3) a directed link forms between two players as soon as one of them invests in it.
Calculation of the shortest path between two compounds using the reaction graph considers the two links that join two compounds to a reaction as a single link.
Neofunctionalization exists if there are any new inputs in either of the evolved paralogs, i.e. |(A i ∪ B i ) - F i | > 0 We define the number of shared links between two paralogs, as H i = | A i ∩ B i |.
Previous research into the effect of chromosomal deletions upon CO-positioning on chromosome VI of Petunia hybrida showed RF between two tightly linked markers to drastically increase as a function of the size of the induced deletion [ 15].
We refer to the shortest cabling link between two terminals as the backbone and its length as the P2P channel's length.
The usual network representation of such data consists in describing users as nodes and the existence of at least one interaction between two users as a link.
We distinguish between a link and a contact: a link represents a relationship between two individuals, such as a social tie (friends, acquaintances), whereas a contact is a single physical or online realization of interaction on the link.
In a joint statement, the European Union's two most powerful states said that they were "determined to begin a new stage in the co-operation between our two countries", linked as they are by "a shared destiny .Along with the fine speeches, officials also presented a batch of agreements, some of which had been leaked to the media in the days before the event.
Edges describe three types of links: (1) biological links between two abstract entities, such as Transcript - CodesFor - Protein (black lines between abstract entities in Fig. 2), (2) links between the abstract entities and their properties such as Protein - has For Property - sequence, (3) hierarchical relations between abstract entities, the isa links represented as black arrows in Figure 2.
