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For example, Zhang et al. (2013) showed that duplication of a reporter construct located between two Ty elements on chromosome V in a haploid strain was a consequence of unequal crossovers, occurring at a frequency of about 10−6−10−7.
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In our previous study, we showed that deletion of one of the Ty elements composing HS4 or expanding the distance between the two Ty elements resulted in loss of hotspot activity (St. Charles and Petes 2013).
If flanking regions of two Ty elements, a Ty element and a solo LTR or two solo LTRs, were identical between the two strains, we estimated that these insertion sequences should be derived from the same Ty element insertion event in the common ancestral strain.
The unusually long tracts are initiated at a naturally occurring recombination hotspot formed by two inverted Ty elements.
Since these aberrations are usually a consequence of homologous recombination between nonallelic Ty elements (as described above), these studies select for dicentric breaks that occur within a Ty element or breaks that occur near a Ty element that are processed to generate a Ty-containing broken end (Hoang et al. 2010).
The longest IR seen in this survey is comprised of two near neighbor Ty elements, YGRCTy1-3 and YGRWTy2-2, on chromosome 7, and is over 5,900 bp long.
Yet other studies have identified GCRs mediated by apparent HR between Ty elements, although little is known about the pathways that form or prevent such GCRs [34] [36].
These events usually involved nonallelic homologous recombination between Ty elements flanking the duplicated region.
This strain allows the detection of both gene conversion events between repeated sequences (Ty elements) or ectopic single sequences (lys2 alleles) and direct-repeat recombination (DRR) at Ty elements and at the HIS4 locus (Liefshitz et al. 1995).
Reducing the levels of DNA Polα or Polδ created a fragile site on yeast chromosome III detected by chromosome rearrangements between a pair of inverted Ty elements and other Ty elements located on other chromosomes (Lemoine et al. 2005, 2008).
These Ty elements belong to five families, Ty1 to Ty5.
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