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A contrast corresponds to a quantitative estimate of the differential effect between treatment and reference conditions or more generally as defined by a contrast matrix [ 18].
Mean reach values for streamwater nutrient concentrations, periphyton biomass, macroinvertebrate measures and stable isotope values were analysed using a multilevel model (mixed) analysis of variance (anova) to facilitate comparisons between treatment and reference streams (proc mixed; SAS Institute Inc.; 2003); (Table 2).
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Differential expression between the treatment and reference condition was computed with EBseq [ 47] within RSEM.
Adding an interaction between treatment and phase was not significant (Wald = 1.18, 1 df, p = 0.277; Model 13 in ESM), nor was the interaction between phase, treatment, and reference stimuli (Wald = 0.66, 1 df, p = 0.417; Model 14 in ESM).
There were no significant differences in biomass or vegetation height between the no-burn since 1954/1955 treatment and reference plots.
Microarray experiments that aim to elucidate gene expression differences between treatment and control groups usually involve reference or related designs in a small sample set and cross-hybridizations between gene spots with high nucleotide similarity complicate data interpretation.
Data for each sample were expressed relative to the expression levels of recA or glnA by using the mathematical model described previously, which determines the relative quantification of a target gene in comparison to a reference (ref) gene between treatment and control samples [ 57].
*Difference between intervention and reference group (p < 0.05) (bolded).
The relationship between treatment and supervision.
"Kids shouldn't have to choose between treatment and staying in school, or between treatment and living with their mom".
We used a fixed one-way design aimed to assess how much each demographic rate contributes to the difference in the deterministic estimate of λ between one habitat type (treatment) and another (reference habitat type).
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