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However, one cohort study found a positive association between total meat intake and bladder cancer (Mills et al, 1991), and another found an increased risk for high total processed meat intake (Hu et al, 2011).
Our results initially appear to be in conflict with the epidemiological evidence of the impact of meat consumption on cardiovascular disease recent meta-analyses suggest only modest associations between total meat intake and CHD, diabetes and stroke.
In a cross-sectional study of diet and mammographic density, total protein and carbohydrate intake was significantly and positively associated with breast density, and among postmenopausal women there was a significant positive association between total meat intake and breast density [ 25].
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Fractional polynomials were used to fit a smooth curve to the relationship between breast cancer and total meat intake using Model 2. As breast cancer may represent different diseases in the two menopause status groups, an initial analysis combined both groups, incorporating menopausal status as a confounder in the model.
Mean total meat intake was 112 g daily (SD 45).
Meat intake was either quantified as number of servings per day or as total meat intake per day in grams.
Mean total meat intake was 62.9 g per 1000 kcal, with 29.5 g per 1000 kcal from red meat and 33.4 g per 1 000 kcal from white meat.
Total meat intake was included in the model to partially adjust for differences in diet quality associated with vegetable intake.
Low-risk adenoma cases had a higher total meat intake than controls, and the high and low-risk adenoma cases had a higher ratio of intake of total meat to total fruit, berries and vegetables.
The questionnaire also included a 130-item food-frequency section, which included 11 questions on meat intake used to estimate total meat intake; these food-frequency questions did not override the classification of diet group.
Relative risks for both total meat intake and red meat intake were 1.0 and 1.1 for the intermediate and extreme tertiles, respectively, relative to the lowest tertile (no CIs were reported) (Zheng et al, 1995).
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