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The second reason is the difference between the work functions of silver and the SWNTs.
The difference between the work functions of metal and the semiconductor.
It was found that several intrinsic material parameters, including V e, d i, W a − W c (the difference between the work functions of the anode and cathode), influence the programming time of the virgin Ag/GeS2/W cells.
By directly measuring the contact potential difference (V CPD), i.e., the difference between the work functions of the tip and the sample, it can provide an insight into the material dopant types, carrier concentrations, and resistivity as they affect the Fermi level position within the bandgap.
Notably, the realization of high Voc and FF in devices B and C was attributed to the use of absorber materials with large energy bandgap and low mismatch between the work functions of Cu NiO x valence band, ZnO conduction band, and the perovskite layer [27, 48, 49].
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The difference in the work functions between adsorbate and substrate materials in this group is larger than those in the first group.
To date, various methods have been introduced to tune the work functions between semiconductors and metals such as plasma treatment, absorption of atoms, and also the introduction of additional thin-films [27 31].
This results in an almost perfectly linear relationship between the work-function change as well as the level alignment and the mixing ratio in heterogeneous SAMs.
Sensitization is due to differences in the work function between regions of covered platinum and uncovered ZnO nanoparticles.
Moreover, initially, a depletion region was formed at the ZnO/ZFO interface because of the difference in the work function between ZnO and ZFO [24].
Kelvin probe measurements distinguished an increase in the work function between 0.28 eV and 0.5 eV, depending on the molecular structure of the SAM.
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