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Because the ample gene flow between the wealth-classes likely decreased the rate of divergent evolution between the wealth classes, it is also plausible that the phenotypic trait means between the wealth classes differed due to phenotypic plasticity.
This indicates significant gene flow between the wealth classes at least through the female line that likely constrained diverging evolution between the wealth classes in our study populations.
The opportunity for total selection (ILRS) differed significantly between the wealth classes (Table 1).
First, we estimated the overall constraint on total selection between the wealth classes by estimating the opportunity for selection (variance/mean2) on maternal fitness across wealth classes [41].
In sum, our results reveal substantial differences in fitness payoffs for several maternal key life-history traits between the wealth classes.
Estimating the opportunity for selection on two major female fitness components, i.e., on fecundity (Ifec) and longevity (Ilong), suggested similar trends as above between the wealth classes, but these differences were not statistically significant (Table 1).
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Third, we studied differences in the path coefficients between different wealth classes by analysing interactions between the wealth class and selected path coefficients using general linear mixed models (GLMMs).
This indicates fundamental differences among the wealth classes, and one should not continue by the assessment of parameter equalities to compare path coefficients between groups [50].
These wealth class-specific path models demonstrated that across the wealth classes fecundity was the most important female life-history trait (Table 3, Fig. 2).
Moratorium on Single-Family and Tract Housing Configurations By singling out the single family home as a conveyor of individual wealth we have inflated its value as a social connector when in fact it is a social disconnector - separating the physical distance between strangers, alienating the wealth class from the poor, and creating "neighborhoods" that enforce stereotypes and social clichés.
The differences of path coefficients between wealth classes were examined by analysing interactions between wealth class and selected path coefficients using general linear mixed models (GLMMs) [52].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com