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We wished to investigate the phylogenetic relationship between the two extant Australian quail species, C. ypsilophora and C. pectoralis, and the New Zealand quail C. novaezealandiae, as well as an extant New Zealand quail (Coturnix sp).
The geographical distance between the two extant populations of big tree rhododendron is ∼8 km.
The coefficients of genetic differentiation (Gst) and gene flow (Nm) between the two extant populations were 0.110 and 4.065, respectively.
We detected moderate to high genetic diversity at the species level, but low genetic differentiation between the two extant populations.
Population genetic diversity and structure of extremely small populations of big tree rhododendron were examined in this study using AFLP markers, and we detected moderate to high genetic diversity at the species level, but low genetic differentiation between the two extant populations.
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Rohland et al. [ 15] have for example detected divergence events between mammoth and the two extant elephant species.
This species varies little in appearance across its large range, and the differences between the eight extant subspecies recognised by Clement are slight.
Unfortunately, the relationships between the four extant lower metazoan phyla, Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora, remain contentious.
Hexanchiformes is regarded as a monophyletic taxon, but the morphological and genetic relationships between the five extant species within the order are still uncertain.
One key taxon for early metazoan evolution is Phylum Porifera (sponges), in which the relationships are unresolved at all taxonomical levels, even between the three extant sponge classes Demospongiae, Calcarea (calcareous sponges) and Hexactinellida (glass sponges).
The fossil skulls examined fell outside the two extant forms in the craniometric analysis.
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