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The thickness of the TiN film and the angle between the specimen surface and the evaporating source (coating angle) were selected as the variable parameters.
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Up to now no visible gaps between the specimen surfaces and the coverings have been recognized.
Therefore, true metastases from occult invasion between the specimen surfaces or iatrogenic dissemination of benign epithelial or tumour cells can be considered the pathogenesis of nodal metastases in DCIS.
In terms of occult invasion between the specimen surfaces, although the present histological examination procedure for primary tumours is extensive, invasive lesions of <5 mm in size can be missed by chance.
Occult invasive lesions can manifest in two forms: (1) occult invasion between the specimen surfaces of the surgical materials and (2) multicentric occult cancer in the conserved breast (i.e., in partial mastectomy cases) or in materials not examined (i.e., in total mastectomy cases).
All the connections between plastic and the specimen surface were sealed to prevent leakage.
This is an advantage over the surface collecting methods such as ferritescope readings, which overestimates the amount of martensite due to its inhomogeneous distribution through the thickness based on the frictional effects between the rolls and the specimen surface.
Low cycle fatigue tests of as-casted Sn Pb eutectic solder (63Sn/37Pb) were carried out using the non-contact strain-controlled system at 20°C in order to avoid local deformation and stress concentration at contact points between the extensometer and the specimen surface.
Without local deformation and stress concentration at contact points between the extensometer and the specimen surface in strain-controlled fatigue tests, the crack initiation and propagation were studied by SEM examination of specimen surface with replication technique, longitudinal cross section and fracture surface.
The CCTV camera connected to a monitor and computer helped in the observation and recording of distances between the marks on the specimen surface and in the observation of the X-ray beam position on this surface.
The cantilever has a deflection modulus between 0.001 and 100 N/m, bringing the tip into a distance of about 10too 100 nm of the specimen surface.
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