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These "true" genotypes could then be compared to the imputed markers arrived at using MACH's most likely genotype call, with anchor SNPs in common between the reference population and "observed" sample.
Imputation accuracies are higher when a larger proportion of haplotypes are shared between the reference population and the validation (imputed) populations.
Both predictions assume no direct pedigree relationships between the reference population and selection candidates and probably underestimate the accuracy achieved in practice.
The value of SNPs effect estimated for populations other than the reference population depends on the persistence of LD phase between the reference population and the other population [ 28].
This indicates that only 80% of the genetic variance in the selection candidates was captured by the markers in the reference population, due to differences in LD and allele frequencies of QTL between the reference population and the selection candidates.
When the congener profiles were compared between the reference population and the construction workers, the serum levels of the lighter PCBs (di-, tri- and tetrachloro, sum of IUPAC# 6 74) were substantially higher among the construction workers.
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Connectedness between the reference populations and evaluated animals was calculated using the prediction error variance.
We carried out an analysis of variance to determine whether the mean coefficient of condition differed significantly i) between the two Chondrostoma species ii) between the different populations of each of the Chondrostoma species (allopatry and parapatry) and iii) between the reference populations and the hybrid zone populations.
Furthermore, exposure definition differs between cases and the reference population, which is based on actual use and prescriptions, respectively.
Three reference populations (2,000 individuals) were assigned to test the effect of varying the relationships between animals in the reference population and test population, each time using generation 10 of line 1 (1,000 individuals) as the test set.
We calculated ORs with 95% CIs by means of cross-tabulations to quantify (1) inequalities in self-reported health, and (2) inequalities in access for each stratum of 'need' between AS and the reference population.
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between the state population
between the reference station
between the goat population
between the reference model
between the reference value
between the study population
between the reference copy
between the city population
between the hospital population
between the reference image
between the reference standard
between the reference dye
between the reference trajectory
between the reference device
between the query population
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