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As regards information theory, one may compare the perspectives between the probability density and the derivative of a function.
We observe that the similarity of audio signals can be measured by the difference between the probability density functions (pdfs) of their frame-wise features.
The simplest upper bound for the false acceptance and the false rejection rates can be expressed using the Bhattacharyya distance [13] between the probability density functions and.
We estimate the similarity of the example signal and the samples in the queried database by calculating the distance between the probability density functions (pdfs) of their frame-wise acoustic features.
Finally, we distinguish between the probability density function (PDF) p z n ) and realizations (z_{n}^{(l)}) (samples drawn from p z n )) of a random variable z n, where l is the sample index.
A stego process is thus defined as -secure if the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the probability density functions of the cover document and those of this very same content embedding a message (i.e., stego) is less than : (1).
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The area score between the probability densities p ( x r,x r + 1) and p ( x r ) p (x r + 1) in discrete domain is calculated as: A r, r + 1 = 1 2 ∑ m = − ∞ x 0 p m ( x r ) p m ( x r + 1 ) dx + 1 2 ∑ m = x 0 ∞ p m ( x r, x r + 1 ) dx (6).
Under the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the probability densities for cases and controls, the K-function is defined by (number of events j within distance s of an arbitrary type i event), and λ j is the intensity of j events: i = 1 for cases and i = 2 for controls.
There were also no detectable relationships between performance and the probability density functions describing the frequency distributions of the final escape angle (data not shown).
From these scrambled data, the Pearson's correlation and mutual information were calculated between targets and the probability density functions were taken as null distributions.
The average proportion of vultures dying from diclofenac poisoning per meal if they feed from carcasses with a distribution of diclofenac concentrations in liver with cdf V dliver) is given by the integral, with respect to dliver, of the product v dliver)K dliver), for a given interval F between meals, where v dliver) is the probability density function (pdf).
More suggestions(15)
between the crack density
between the power density
between the charge density
between the obstacle density
between the defect density
between the receptor density
between the energy density
between the network density
between the probability model
between the surface density
between the user density
between the point density
between the weight density
between the mass density
between the score density
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com