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For distance, we use crow-fly distance between the points defined by the longitude and the latitude of each pair of countries.
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The healing index was calculated as the distance between the point defined by the oxy and deoxy values and the linear discriminant decision line that best separated healed ulcers from nonhealed ulcers.
α6 - angle between the line defined by the points defining the width of the nose, and the line perpendicular to the axis of asymmetry of the face, passing through the left point indicating the width of the nose.
α5 - angle between the line defined by the points defining the width of the nose, and the line perpendicular to the axis of asymmetry of the face, passing through the right point indicating the width of the nose.
The line between these points defines the gradient from lower to higher intensity and so shows that informative language intensity increases from right to left.
At first, we propose to select key points such that the distance traveled between two consecutive key points does not exceed a threshold percentage (p_{th}) of the total distance between the starting and ending points defined by Eq. 4.
Given two points on a Grassmann manifold, X i and X j ∈ ℝD xm, the similarity between the points is defined as k _ proj i, j = X i ′ X j F 2 (3) k _ cc i, j = max a p ∈ span X i max b q ∈ span X j a p T b q (4).
One relevant question is whether road safety trends are similar for best and worst performing countries and subsequently to find the inflection points defining the thresholds between the changing trends.
The difference in spatial separation between the 0.25 and 0.75 points defines the just-noticeable difference (JND), a measure of spatial discrimination ability.
An agent encountered a little later hopefully mentions a helicopter, but none appears.The Border Patrol, which is charged with nabbing illegal crossers between official entry points, defines its effectiveness by the number of people it catches (or those that turn back) as a proportion of those it detects.
The latter was calculated as the middle between the two international cut-off points defining overweight and obesity in children, 13 by age and gender.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com