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RSG serves as a driving force for the migration of Cu atoms from the center of Cu powders to the interface between the oxide shell and Cu core.
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As a result, strong exchange magnetic coupling between the iron core and the oxide shell alters the magnetic anisotropy, giving rise to the modifications of the coercivity (H C ) and the appearance of the exchange-bias (EB) effect [16 18].
The change of the diffraction contrast results in the visualization of the oxide shell [15].
Therefore, Al nanowires were generated on the surface of the oxide shell.
The earliest appearance of the oxide shell was at 310 °C (Fig. 2d).
In passing, we remark on the impact of the oxide shell.
When PBR >1, a compressive stress develops in the oxide shell, while a tensile stress develops in the shell with PBR <1.
Taking the Cu powder sample as an example, as shown in Figure 7, stress occurred in the oxide shell due to the oxide volume extension.
Consequently, Cu atoms kept accumulating under the oxide shell until there were enough Cu atoms to break the balance, and finally, a large number of Cu atoms suddenly penetrated the oxide shell through the weak spots in a flash.
In particular, the high-resolution TEM micrograph indicated that the oxide shell layer was mainly composed of bcc-FeO.
After formation of the metal oxide shell, the carbon template is removed by thermal oxidation in air.
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