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To solve these issues, adaptation layer has been added between the network layer and MAC layer.
C2CNet, specified by the CAR 2 CAR communication consortium [18], is a communication layer dedicated to car-to-car communications and is located between the network layer and the link layer.
These modifications make DSDV more energy efficient and reliable in WSNs featuring high packet error rates and provide an elegant and transparent interfacing between the network layer and the Session Manager.
Also it relies on the error-free data transfer mechanisms between the network layer and the application layer, of the TCP header structure and the three-way handshake process [50].
The routing process in CR environment has many challenges such as the absence of centralized infrastructure, the lack of cooperation between the network layer and lower layer, the dynamic nature of channel status, and frequent link failure according to Primary users' traffic.
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One example is the interaction between routing in the network layer and access control in the MAC layer.
For underwater acoustic communication, the main focusing area is communication at the physical layer and the routing between the nodes at the network layer.
Furthermore, routing protocols that were designed for omnidirectional communications can be redesigned to exploit directional transmissions and the cross-layer interaction between the MAC and the network layer.
Routing can be either provided at level three of the ISO/OSI networking stack as modification of the standard IP protocol or by adding an interposition layer between the Data Link Layer and the Network layer.
The softMAC scheme resides at layer 2.5 between the MAC layer and the network layer.
The architecture is based on a cross-layer optimization between the physical layer and the network layer.
More suggestions(15)
between the absorber layer
between the porter layer
between the corrosion layer
between the graphene layer
between the network formation
between the network operator
between the bottom layer
between the chip layer
between the network orientation
between the network error
between the network chemical
between the network traffic
between the network structure
between the network morphology
between the powder layer
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