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A communication link is then established between the mobile user and the other GSM user [16].
The deployment cost of the proposed scheme is evaluated analytically and via simulations and is compared to that of the end-to-end (e2e) VPN scheme that protects the data exchanged between the mobile user and the remote server, and a scheme that does not include any additional security mechanism.
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Due to the mobility of the users, the propagation channel conditions between the mobile users and their RSs change with time.
Moreover, a community clinic solution integrated in the cloudlet group between the mobile users and the cloud was proposed by Zhang et al. [18].
Assuming that the distance between the mobile users is longer than the shadow fading correlation distance, both fast fading and shadowing fading appear as random variables.
However, similarly to OFDMA, SC-FDMA shows sensitivity to small values of carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) generated by the frequency misalignment between the mobile users' oscillators and the base station [5 7].
In the case of a line of sight between the mobile users and the base station, the N × M matrix V has the following form V = 1 N [ v ( θ 1 ), …, v ( θ M ) ], where v = 1, e - j 2 π d λ sin ,. . .
The indoor path loss model PLin in dB (between the FAP and the mobile user) and the outdoor-to-indoor PLout-to-in in dB (between the micro-cell BS and the mobile user) are defined as follows, respectively: P L in = 18.
The positioning method utilizes a time of arrival (TOA) measurement between the DTV transmitter and the mobile user to determine the mobile user position [12].
This introduces a coupling between the relay and the mobile users which is not always easy to manage in distributed systems like an interference network.
The coverage radius of the cell is denoted by R. We consider the case where there is no direct link between the BS and the mobile users (MUs) due to shadowing, which may happen when the BS and the MUs are far away from each other.
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