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Single-electron-trapped oxygen vacancies (SETOV) appeared in the novel TiO2 when dehydration happens between the layers during the calcination process.
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Furthermore, the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between overlayer and substrates may highly strain the layers during the cooling and induce cracking of the epitaxial structure.
Similar results indicate that the PEDOT PSS and the NFC-G coatings act as separate, isolate entities with no interaction between the two layers during the spin coating or annealing.
Excess fluid secretion leading to seroma formation is believed to result from the dead space created between the tissue layers during surgery, as well as from shearing forces between the underlying tissue and the abdominal flap after surgery [ 4, 24].
The difference of width between the layers can induce excess surface energy during the growth and crystallization of layers.
A progressive damage model was used to simulate the failure within each layer while a mesh-independent energy-based failure criterion for the tiebreaks was implemented in the model to effectively simulate the delamination between layers during the crushing process.
Tubes run through the passage between the layers.
Bacteria in agar could easily be sandwiched between the layers.
"It's a layer-by-layer printing process, so you get an inherently weak bond between the layers.
I tried to draw parallels between the layers of sound and layers of video clips".
It has been pointed out that other, lower-flying, airliners produce ozone during their flights in the troposphere, but vertical transit of gases between the layers is restricted.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com