In a systems framework, it is the interactions between genotype, environment and management that contribute to evolution of different genotypes.
We emphasize that the knowledge of interactions between genotype, environment and management in the livestock systems will be required to generate genotypes for efficient livestock production that are both economically and environmentally sustainable.
Here we hypothesized that these interactions between genotype, environment, and political phenotype may be reflected in the structure of the brain.
In essence, there are complex interactions between genotype, environment and management (G × E × M) in the livestock systems and the implications relate to: (i) fitting the right genotypes to the right environments and production systems and (ii) determining the optimal genotype across a range of environments and production systems.
Phenotypic variance is ultimately controlled by gene expression, which is modulated by the interactions between the genotype and the environment.
Thirdly, epigenetic variation, resulting from the interaction between the genotype and the environment, is also a potential process that could explain the findings that not all treated animals developed early ANFH when submitted to the same experimental conditions.
Thus, the appearance of adapted phenotypes in invasive species may arise from interactions between the genotype and the environment and will not always be dependent on recombination or the fixation of new beneficial mutations.
While the exact causes remain elusive, it is now accepted that obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease that develops from an interaction between the genotype and the environment [ 1, 2, 4].
Rather than a conflict between the genotype and the environment, we can hypothesize a sort of adaptive chain interaction, i.e., a process of "environmental action-genome reaction-natural selection-genome adaptation," as discussed below.
5 High tolerance of some plants to heavy metal toxicity could rely either on reduced heavy metal uptake or increased internal sequestration, manifested by an interaction between the genotype and its environment.
