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Allele frequency differentiation between the experimental population and the base population identified three primary genomic regions putatively subject to selection for resistance.
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Fitness was estimated with competition assays between the experimental populations and a GFP androdioecious tester population which segregated 5% of males but was otherwise similar to the lab-adapted ancestral population (see Methods; note that this GFP tester population is not the GFP tester inbred strain used in the individual fertility assay reported above).
The experimental population may be presumed zero.
ID refers to the experimental population number.
The possible explanations should be that: (1) the experimental population had the small effective population size.
Using crickets from the experimental populations, we assessed the influence of the diet treatment on the relationships between wing morph, sex-specific reproductive investment and lifespan.
We first looked for differences in the 12 measured variables between initial neuronal populations that innervated muscles exposed to normal saline (neuronal populations 1 and 2 in Table 1) by using two-way ANOVA for Population and Time, then we did the same with the Experimental populations (neuronal populations 3 and 4).
We used offspring from the experimental populations (N2, N10 and N40) and the control population for controlled crosses within and between the populations.
Direct competitions between the ancestral diploid mutator and wild-type strains revealed no fitness advantage that could account for the mutator rise in the experimental populations.
The experimental populations used here were previously described [ 29].
If multiple loci controlling gene expression have been under selective pressure, then we would expect that the expression variation between the two experimental populations (and the crosses between them) should primarily follow an additive mode of inheritance.
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