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Baseline differences between the exercise groups were evaluated via ANOVA with Fisher's post hoc test.
None of the studies found any differences in the number of incidents between the exercise groups and usual care groups.
After 16 weeks, there were no differences between the exercise groups and the no-exercise group for symptoms, disease severity, pain, self-efficacy, or psychological well-being.
Despite the changes in fat mass, plasma leptin concentrations, which have previously been shown to correlate positively to adipose tissue mass in both humans and rodents [ 32], were not significantly different between the exercise groups.
After adjusting for score at baseline, age, sex and class attendance no significant differences between the exercise groups and controls were found, except for a decline in activity of at least moderate intensity in the resistance training group compared to the controls (adjusted difference: -12.2 min, 95% CI -23.8 -0.7).
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For those who made up the subset of patients with the most severe symptoms — a depression score of 14 or greater — the difference between the exercise group and the control group was greater, with a reduction of about two points.
Difference in mean values at the same time between the exercise group and the control group were compared.
Response rates did not differ between the exercise group and the control group: morning questionnaire, intervention group 74.4%, control group 69.4%; evening questionnaire, 69.8% and 70%, respectively.
A significant interaction between the exercise group and the control group in the changes og total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and TC : HDLC ratio could be observed (P < 0.05).
For continuous variables, we compared net changes (that is, the differences between the exercise group and control group) and calculated a weighted or standardised mean difference (95% confidence intervals) for each study.
In the total population no difference in changes of cIMT from baseline to 12 months was observed between the exercise group and controls [−0.016 mm (95 % CI −0.037 to 0.006) vs. −0.007 mm (95 % CI −0.029 to 0.015), p = 0.57].
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