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The sliding-friction layer is sandwiched between the bottom surface of the increased structure and the rooftop of the original building.
Where in Figure 2, h s is the thickness of the substrate, h p is the thickness of the PVDF actuator, and d NA is the distance between the bottom surface and the neutral axis.
The angle between the bottom surface and any side face is 54.74°, and the angle between either opposite couple of side faces is 70.52°, that is, the angle of square cone is 70.52°, as shown in Fig. 4.
Figure 4c shows the calculated optical forces generated by the bowtie-shaped antenna with respect to the distance between the bottom surface of the bead and the top surface of the glass layer (indicated with c in the figure inset).
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The use of low-coherent light for the illumination was advantageous for avoiding the interference between the top and the bottom surface of the glass substrate, whose thickness was about 100 μm.
Immunofluorescence derived from Cy3 and GFP was measured at pre-defined grid locations in 80 successive focal planes between the top and the bottom surface of the cell using standard filter sets and laser lines.
In this way, there were no interactions between the adsorbed intermediates and the bottom surface of the next slab.
A parametric study was also conducted, in particular to determine the influence of the distance (S) between the nozzle head and the bottom surface of the target cells on the deposition efficiency.
With the high heat flux of 0.68 MW m−2, the thickest specimen exhibits a high surface temperature of 1690 °C and the corresponding temperature difference between the top surface and the bottom surface of the coating is high up to 760 °C.
While deforming the sample, we acquire timelapse 2D confocal images at various heights between 50 and 150 µm from the bottom surface.
The number of cells on the bottom surface was compared between groups.
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