Sentence examples for between the base fluid from inspiring English sources

In the model, we considered an effect of interfacial layer on the nanoparticle, the interfacial layer on nanoparticle works as a solid like layer in between the base fluid and nanoparticle surface.

Drag force is proportional to the relative velocity between the base fluid and nanoparticle and is expressed by [12]: (10).

Without considering the interfacial thermal resistance, larger non-dimensional particle fluid interfacial area between the base fluid and the nanoparticles is also desirable for enhancing thermal conductivity [81].

Motivated by the absence of accurate and multi-phase numerical simulations, the two-phase lattice Boltzmann method was employed where the interaction between the base fluid and the dispersion phase and also Brownian and thermophoresis forces were taken into consideration.

They therefore treated the effect of the relative velocity between the base fluid and the nanoparticles as a perturbation of the energy equation and then introduced an empirical dispersion coefficient to describe the heat transfer enhancement.

Besides, the performance difference between successively shaped blades decreases from triangular-prism blade to cylinder blade, which is consistent with their surface area changing under the same volume, as shown in Table 2. Here, the surface area of the blade is exactly the interfacial area between the base fluid and the blade.

However, the different slip mechanisms between nanoparticle and the base fluid are dependent on several factors such as the shape, size, and volume fraction of the particle.

In that sense, one can see the difference in cooling capacity is reduced between nanofluid and the base fluid when the flow rate is increased.

A nanofluid is a two-phase fluid constituted by nanoparticles and a base fluid, and there are interaction forces (gravity and buoyancy force, drag force, interaction potential force, and Brownian force) between nanoparticles and the base fluid.

While a nanofluid flow in general is a non-homogenous two-phase flow with a significant relative drift or slip velocity between particles and the base fluid, many works have assumed a homogenous mixture to simplify the simulation.

The nanolayer between the nanoparticles and the base fluid may be a dominant factor influencing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids.