Yet, the appearance of the later occurring Pe was specific to the aware error condition [7].
Fig. 3 depicts the EMG-locked graveragesates at FCz for aware errors, unaware errors, and hits (A) and shows the average global field power (GFP, see [53]) in the aware error condition (B).
Interestingly, the functional connectivity of AIC varied with individual's baseline pupil dilation before the aware error.
After the source reconstruction was completed for each condition (aware errors, unaware error, and hits), t-tests were conducted between the aware and unaware condition for each of the three 20 ms bins, as described in the previous section (ERN and Pe amplitude).
The source reconstruction for aware errors and the mean values for each condition (aware errors, unaware errors, and hits) are plotted in Fig. 4A, B, and C. The main analysis of interest was the comparison of aware and unaware errors.
In the EMG-locked graveragesaware awarerrorsrs clearly elicited an error-related negativity (ERN) reflecting error detection, and a later error positivity (Pe) reflecting conscious error awareness.
AIC and adjacent orbitofrontal/frontoopercular cortex has been found to be engaged selectively to aware errors, whereas the error-related RZC activity shows no significant difference between unaware and aware errors (Hester et al. 2005; Klein et al. 2007).
In the seminal study by Nieuwenhuis et al. (2001) using the AST, the ERN did not differ between aware and unaware errors, whereas the Pe was present only for aware errors.
The presumption that insula activity is related to error awareness was confirmed, as the insula activation was seen only for aware errors but not for unaware errors or for hits.
Our ERN and source localisation results revealed greater activity for aware errors compared to unaware errors in the left PCMA ROI.
